Paying Attention

Image of the Week
Hand-drawn art by Rupali Bhuva
Image of the Week
Prestar atención
--por Amishi P. Jha


Se cree que la atención evolucionó para resolver uno de los mayores desafíos del cerebro: hay mucha más información en nuestro entorno de la que el cerebro puede procesar. Sin una forma de filtrar, la implacable información sensorial que recibimos nos dejaría sobrecargad@s, incapaces de funcionar de manera efectiva. Una forma de pensar en la atención es que es como una linterna. Nos permite seleccionar y dirigir los recursos computacionales de nuestro cerebro a un subconjunto más pequeño de información. Podemos limitar nuestra vista a una parte de la página mientras leemos para asegurarnos de que las letras y nuestra comprensión permanezcan nítidas y claras; o podemos dirigir nuestra linterna de atención a un/a compañer@ de conversación para captar su voz en una habitación llena de gente. A nivel del cerebro, la atención funciona sesgando selectivamente la actividad neuronal sensorial para que la información atendida frente a la desatendida muestre una mayor respuesta neuronal.


Además de su influencia en nuestra experiencia perceptiva de entrada sensorial, la atención y los procesos de control ejecutivo afiliados (como la memoria de trabajo) están estrechamente relacionados con las habilidades sociales exitosas, la regulación emocional, la memoria, la toma de decisiones y el desempeño. La atención determina la experiencia momento a momento de nuestras vidas: cómo interactuamos, sentimos, recordamos, pensamos y actuamos. Su influencia en todas estas funciones es la razón por la cual la atención es poderosa.


Si bien nos brinda una gran ventaja evolutiva para maniobrar en el mundo, hay una gran desventaja en la poderosa influencia de la atención sobre tantos dominios de procesamiento de información. Si la atención se ve comprometida, también lo estará nuestra capacidad de percibir, interactuar, sentir, recordar, etc. Esto, como era de esperar, puede causar problemas en muchas áreas de nuestras vidas.


Por ejemplo, en un estudio, les pedimos a l@s participantes que prestaran atención a los rostros que aparecían en la pantalla uno por uno y que presionaran un botón para emitir juicios categóricos sobre cada rostro. Mientras realizaban la tarea, registramos su actividad cerebral en curso. De vez en cuando, presentábamos imágenes que distraían y que no eran relevantes para la tarea, que podían ser negativas (por ejemplo, escenas de sufrimiento humano) o neutras (escenas de eventos cotidianos inocuos, por ejemplo, sentado en un autobús leyendo un libro). Queríamos saber si había diferencias en el rendimiento y la actividad cerebral en los momentos en que aparecían las imágenes negativas, en comparación con las imágenes neutras. No solo fue peor el desempeño de la tarea con imágenes negativas (frente a las neutras), sino que también se redujo la actividad cerebral relacionada con la percepción de rostros. Era como si la linterna de atención se viera comprometida en su capacidad para enfocar los rostros cuando había imágenes negativas que distraían. Esto fue sorprendente porque las imágenes que distraían aparecían solo antes o después de los rostros, lo que sugiere que incluso el recuerdo o la anticipación de imágenes negativas era lo suficientemente potente como para desviar la atención de la percepción de los rostros a medida que aparecían.
Dada la naturaleza frágil de la atención, especialmente en intervalos plagados de distracciones externas e internas. ¿Qué podemos hacer para evitar costosos lapsos de atención? La respuesta simple: manténgase enfocad@ en la tarea en cuestión y no se deje llevar por la distracción. Pero este no es un mandato útil por dos razones. En primer lugar, las mentes humanas vagan entre el 30 y el 50 % de nuestros momentos de vigilia. En segundo lugar, cuando deambulamos, a menudo no nos damos cuenta. Por lo tanto, dado que somos propensos a divagar sin darnos cuenta, y más aún en intervalos de alta demanda, quizás un enfoque más razonable sea hacer lo que sugirió William James, traer de vuelta una atención errante una y otra vez.


“La facultad de traer de vuelta voluntariamente una atención errante, una y otra vez, es la raíz misma del juicio, el carácter y la voluntad. Nadie es *compos sui si no la tiene. Una educación que perfeccionara esta facultad sería la educación por excelencia. Pero es más fácil definir este ideal que dar direcciones prácticas para llevarlo a cabo”. --William James (1890)

*compos sui= dueñ@ de sí mism@



Preguntas iniciales para la reflexión: ¿Cómo te relacionas con la noción de que nuestra atención y la forma en que procesamos las cosas pueden verse fácilmente comprometidas con entradas que distraen y que son irrelevantes para la tarea en cuestión? ¿Puedes compartir una historia personal de un momento en el que atrajiste una atención errante una y otra vez? ¿Qué te ayuda a traer de vuelta una atención errante?


Amishi Jha es profesor de Psicología y Director de Neurociencia Contemplativa de la Universidad de Miami y autor del bestseller nacional Peak Mind.
Seed Questions for Reflection

How do you relate to the notion that our attention and how we process things can be easily compromised with distracting inputs that are irrelevant to the task at hand? Can you share a personal story of a time you brought back a wandering attention again and again? What helps you bring back a wandering attention?

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15 Past Reflections
SM
Sean M Kelly
Apr 21, 2023
One simple distinction which I have found very helpful with "Attention" is - it can be either "Given" or "Taken". It seems that in the modern world most of the time our attention is taken, often on random inessential things that randomly "pop up" into awareness. Some attention grabbers like "a fire alarm" are of course useful but most are not. What we need to cultivate is the ability to remain present enough so we can "give" our attention to where it is needed. And a great simple question to ask is - "Where is my attention needed now?" - simple, effective and important!
ST
Oct 11, 2022
Aloha- I constantly bring back my wandering attention. I did it several times while reading this article and unfortunately even when someone important to me is sharing deeply. I was known as a "day dreamer" for all my school years which were more than 20 years. I still managed to be very successful in my career and my relationships. I believe that the more gestalt perceptions of scanning and listening broadly can be very helpful evolutionarily and when balanced with the more focused folks in a co-creative community could save us from destroying ourselves and our world. Some people who have those perspectives in balance would make the best leaders in my opinion.
mahalo nui loa for this conversation
EL
Elaine
Oct 11, 2022
Awareness is everything, especially without judgement.
TO
Oct 11, 2022
Wonderful article which, without naming it, underscores the reason to meditate. Thanks for the reminder.
MS
Mola Samba
Oct 11, 2022
The mind is capable of over 6,000 thoughts per day according to Tech & Science and what we see and read, influences our thoughts a great deal so what I personally do is be very selective of the type of books I read and the type of shows I watch on TV. Also, every time I find my mind attending to distracting irrelevant thoughts, I think of the power of "silence", but since the thoughts do not stop even in silence, I have learned to listen to wordless classical music and focus on three questions: 1) where did I come from? 2.) what am I supposed to spend most of my time doing here on earth? 3.) when the swan song is being played for me - peace perfect peace-what would I like to see written on my tombstone and where does my immortal spirit go? Yes, those 3 questions help me bring back my wandering attention to focus. Where did you come from, what are you supposed to be doing here and where do you go when it is all over? These three questions work like magic; try them soon!
PH
Patricia Hardy Oct 11, 2022
All very good suggestions. Thank you, Mola Samba. When you discover the answer to your 3 questions, I hope you share them.
ST
stream Oct 11, 2022
I love your 3 questions. I would also add fun and bliss.
MA
Matha
Oct 10, 2022
My my mind wanders all the time without me knowing it was back to some thing else even though I was doing was concentrating my mind wanders right away I try to bring it back
MD
Oct 10, 2022
To maintain focus on a task of any kind, it helps to have a time frame in mind for it's completion. I decided to read through this article and note the learning within 5 minutes, and have done it.
AR
Arun
Oct 10, 2022
Becoming more aware of the sensations caused by reactions to thoughts helps bring back attention to the self, and thereby momentarily stops the mind from wandering. Of course, it is hard to do this all the time. The ability to do this seems to depend on the nature of the thoughts and the depth of immersion in that thought world at that time, and/or the intensity of the sensations themselves. It's still not exactly clear, but at least these two seem to be factors, since at times awareness of the sensations breaks the thought pattern, while at times awareness of the fact that the mind has wandered itself does it.
DD
Oct 7, 2022
I find it to be very true that our attention can be easily compromised. Buddhists are accurate in saying a person has a monkey mind that is constantly jumping from one branch of thought, memory, interest, worry, want, etc to another. Every day in every task I bring back a wandering attention only to have it jump or drift again after as few seconds or minutes. I assume that is typical for human beings. Attention to that which is top priority to me keeps my attention focused the best and wandering the least. Being in a situation with minimal external distraction helps keep my attention focused. What helps me bring back my wandering attention is a need to focus, and the stronger the need the easier I bring back wandering attention. What also helps is practicing discipline in maintaining focus and in bringing my wandering attention back as I notice it wandering. For me that discipline is essentially to force myself to focus.
PH
Patricia Hardy Oct 10, 2022
Philosopher Eknath Easwaren teaches that meditation can help us train our attention. When we are aware of our monkey mind at work, we are simply to go back to the beginning of the passage we are trying to ingest. Each time we wander, we must go back to the beginning. Eventually, we will absorb what it is we wish to understand or retain.
DD
David Doane Oct 11, 2022
Thank you for your response. Yes, for sure, meditation and going back to the beginning can help.
JP
Oct 7, 2022
Am I paying my full attention to what I am thinking, feelig and doing? Is my attention fully focused, whole -mindedly and whole- heartedly? Am I mindful and aware of what is happening externally and interanlly? If and when I am not aware of it then my attention will be hijacked. Without paying full attenation to what is happening outside of me and inside of me I am getting my own mind imprisioned by myself. I find William Jame's recommendation of bringing the wandering mind over and over again very helpful. Doing it enriches my mind, my learning, my physical, mental, emotional, relational and spiritual well-being. If I don't do that my life becomes fragmented and it has a strong impact on a variety of functions of my life. It boils down to wise choice making. Right Knowing is Right Being. It is difficult for the mind to be one-poined, non-flickering like the unflickering flame in a windless place as our mind wanders and gets scattered 30 to 50 percent of our waking moments. There a... View full comment
TE
Oct 7, 2022
The descriptions in this reading DO match my experiences. Bringing my attention back to Awareness repeatedly and persistently was an integral part of how I learned meditation, and perhaps that is true for many of us? Valuing and practicing that Awareness regularly is good for me. And there is the encouragement to recognize that the mental process of "distraction" itself: "paying attention to an interruption with larger emotional reaction" is not actually necessary, and only results in increased suffering. (That pattern of distraction IS however the basis of most media advertising, and "Selling News"). So, I remain a big fan of: "Reducing and ending of suffering" and practicing Awareness does lead me that way.